45th parallel world map

So the United States mostly lies between the 30th and 45th parallels. Thus the surprise is not how few people live north of 45, but rather how many. Towels and bed linen are available in the vacation home. noun. When someone asks for a fruity wine, do they mean sweet? Still better than most 45th Parallel signs. Is life really that much easier in Finland? It is much better than the iconic 49th, since the largest Canadian cities are well south of that latitude. In Michigan, the Old Mission Peninsula in Grand Traverse Bay ends just shy of the 45th parallel. The Tropics are defined as the area between 23 1/2 degrees North Latitude and 23 1/2 degrees South Latitude. It lies halfway between the equator and the north pole, and so it is very easy to visualize where it is. Areas on the Earths surface that fall on the Equators path are characterized by almost constant lengths of day and night. Today is easy to look down at your GPS unit and find out just exactly where on the invisible grid you stand, but in 1963 when owner of Gesickis General Store and Tavern John Gesicki began researching the invisible point, it wasnt quite so easy. A reasonable rule of thumb is that cities at the same latitude will have the same average annual temperature, as they get the same amount of sunshine at the same times. Irredentist movements in Hungary might happily settle for a boundary at the 45. As you can . While exploring the desert, you can stop by the home of a fictional heretic from a parallel universe. Pulling away and surveying everything at once can help us think in new ways. Winner will be selected at random on 05/01/2023. The parallel roughly bisects mainland Nova Scotia. It is interesting to seewhich cities are at the same latitude. But that's itand that alone doesn't mean a region is ideal for grapegrowing. And famously, the 49th parallel comprises the largest part of the US-Canada border. Since the 45 degrees north of the Parallel are longer than those south of it, this shifts the Parallel south of the Halfway line. Saint Andrews mural . Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. Learn more about this title and Joel's other books. It is the longitudinal meridian of reference. But it also passes through Maine and South Dakota, and stands in as the northern border of Wyoming. Outside of the U.S., the Halfway line can be rounded to a satisfyingly round number of 5000 kilometers in each direction. Unlike latitudes that have the Equator as the central Latitude, the Prime Meridian has been set as the reference point of meridians over the course of history. Latitudes and Longitudes are angular measurements that give a location on the earths surface a unique geographical identification. Click to reveal Many international bodies of water are also within this particular area, such as the Gulf of Venice, the Sea of Japan, the Black Sea, and the Caspian Sea. Around the World Mailing List. Within the northern band lies the entire West Coast of the United States and a little extra to the north and south, plus all of the major wine-growing countries of Europe from Portugal and Spain over to Hungary and Greece. Under the WebsterAshburton Treaty of 1842, original measurement errors stand so that the boundary is not exactly at 45 degrees north but is where the survey monuments were erected in 1772. Why 45th Parallel Marker, Torch Lake, Michigan USA. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. The 45X90 Spot. Within the U.S., the Halfway line is simply a sloppy 3107.5 miles away from each extreme. In the Southern Hemisphere it's not quite as distinguished, though it runs smack-dab through the middle of New Zealand's Central Otago wine region and somewhat near . And don't worry, I'm no wine snobyou can also ask me those "dumb questions" you're too embarrased to ask your wine geek friends! In the 1950s and 60s the U.S. Department of Defense began developing a more precise geodetic system to guide ICBM warheads, which evolved by stages into the World Geodetic System (WGS84) that provides the reference data allowing GPS receivers to pinpoint their location. The region north of the Arctic Circle called the North Frigid Zone is characterized by extremely cold temperatures and ice. the best way to stop baldness, This is a great inspiring article.I am pretty much pleased with your good work.You put really very helpful information Further east, St. John, NB lies just to the north, but Halifax, NS is just to the south. It is here that the 90th Meridian of Longitude bisects the 45th Parallel of Latitude meaning it is exactly halfway between the North Pole and the Equator and is a quarter of the way around Earth from Greenwich, England. Comments. Ah, yes, the 45th parallelthat magical line, situated halfway between the equator and the North Pole, which runs through some of the best vineyards in the Northern Hemisphere. Date. . It crosses the river Rhne at Pont-de-l'Isre, just north of Valence, Drme and through Grenoble. Marker on Interstate 5 near Keizer, Oregon, 45th parallel marker in Roseville, Minnesota, New Hampshire historical marker (number 115) for the 45th parallel. We welcome you to stop by the Walking Tour Guide Store and check out over 250 walking tour guides for locations all over the world. But first a survey expedition needed to calculate and measure that unknown distance. My imagination can take over at that point. The Equators covers a distance on the Earths surface approximately 24,901 miles long. The old sign has been removed and now has new sign with an official geographical marker at the correct location with a scenic gravel path to it. When the Grand Traverse Bay recedes below normal level, it is possible to walk out to the exact line. The 45th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 45 south of the Earth's equator. Copyright 2023 Wine Spectator. I'm still surprised, but can no longer account for the discrepancy. Nearby: Passamaquoddy Bay. Tropic of Cancer is a Circle of Latitude currently positioned at 232614 north of the Equator (or 23.4372). The 45 th parallel, in other words, is a fuzzy line, and in this week's Granite Geek column for the Concord Monitor, David Brooks explains why the line is so difficult to nail downand why so . Infinite Suburbia is the culmination of the MIT Norman B. Leventhal Center for Advanced Urbanism's yearlong study of the future of suburban development. It's a steep loop walk with amazing views of Cromwell and Lake Dunstan from the top. The 45th parallel is a latitudinal ring around the planet, that is 45 degrees north of the Equator, which encircles the midpoint of the sphere on which we all live. Many monuments and signs on the 45th Parallel declare that the latitude is "Halfway between the North Pole and . Heading east, the 45th passes through the southern tip of Crimea, and splits Kazakhstan and Mongolia in half. If you stand on this line, you may not realize that the same latitude connects the mountains of Yellowstone and the piney woods of Maine to the wine regions of Bordeaux, the Crimean peninsula, the Gobi Desert of Mongolia, and the snowy northern tip of Hokkaido, Japan. noun. At the 45th Parallel, the two latitudes are a maximum of 11.5' or about 13 miles / 21 km apart. Tropic of Cancer: Encloses the North Temperate Zone with the Arctic Circle. 45th Parallel Marker (Google Maps). At Solaflect Energy, today's Equinox has us thinking warm thoughts about the long, sunny days ahead. Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 45 north passes through: In Europe the 45th parallel hits the Bay of Biscay coast of France in the west. The southern parallel crosses New Zealand briefly before continuing its lonely journey across the sea, bypassing Africa entirely, making landfall for a brief traverse across windswept Patagonia in South America before heading out across the South Pacific. Plattkarte von 180 Ost bis 180 West und von 90 Nord bis 90 Sd. 1. Sun-seekers living in Lincoln City, Oregon and Minneapolis, Minnesota can take comfort knowing that the residents of Turin, Italy receive exactly the same length of daylight on the other side of the earth. The Northern Tropic is the parallel at which the Summer (or Nothern or June) Solstice occurs when once a year the sun appears directly overhead the most northerly parallel. Brilliant .i love it reading. 2023 Atlas Obscura. Further, the Serbian region of Vojvodina and the Romanian region of Transylvania are north. The flattened shape means that the geocentric latitude and geodetic latitude angles deviate increasingly between the equator and the poles. For more detail zoom in. Further east, the 45th parallel roughly marks the CanadaUnited States border between the St. Lawrence and Connecticut rivers, between the Canadian province of Quebec and the states of New York and Vermont. Directions: I-75 exit 282. It was pure white, a solid circle and ring so crisply defined it looked fake, as if someone had inserted an illustrated slide into the scope. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North A. If you were to continue following that band around the globe, you would see wine-growing regions in the Middle East and the rest of Asia. The 45th parallel also passes through the Piedmont region, home to this vineyard with the town of Castiglione Falletto, Italy, in the background. This is perhaps the most elaborate monument marking the 45th parallel of latitude in the United. Check out Healing American Democracy: Going Local, the new book from Morley Winograd and Michael D. Hais. If I am standing in a field, for example, and someone says, "It's just over that ridge and at the bottom of a slope that descends for 11 miles," they might as well say, "It's that way, and you can't see it from here" because the two descriptions are the same to me. No purchase necessary. To quantify the surprise, the appropriate Gulf Stream comparison line through Europe might be at the 52nd parallel rather than 45. . The 45th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 45 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. Hmm. Circles of Latitude are imaginary east to west circles that connect all places with the same latitude. All of mainland New Brunswick lies north of the 45th parallel. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.Around the world. Why is that? The 45th parallel also passes through the Piedmont region, home to this vineyard with the town of Castiglione Falletto, Italy, in the background. As the earth is actually an ellipsoid, the number is somewhat smaller. . Developmental editing of informational graphics. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are awe-inspiring displays of the powerful forces of nature a The reference plane for all Circles of Latitude is the Equatorial Circle of Latitude that bisects the Earth. That country's southernmost reach is Middle Island in Lake Erie, just south of the 42nd parallel. Stretching from the Tropic of Cancer down to the Tropic of Capricorn, both at 23.5 degrees latitude, this middle band is thicker than the wine bands. Near the Equator where the curvature is tighter, the surface is described by an arc of smaller radius and therefore slightly shorter length (about 68.7 miles / 110.5 km at 1). Please enter the Anti-Spam code Reload. In Ukraine it crosses the Crimea and its capital Simferopol. Perhaps as an antidote to our casual reliance on GPS maps and the hidden complexities of their geodetic calculations, it is enjoyable to see simple non-electronic signs and markers which tell us our place on the earth. Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes; 450N 14141E: Japan: Hokkaid . If that slope over the ridge is east of me it might as well be in China because the space between Beijing and the other side of that ridge look no different in my mind. The 45th parallel travels through Italy's Piedmont region; the Rhone Valley and Bordeaux in France; the Leelanau Peninsula in Michigan, where most of the state's wine is grown and produced; and the Willamette Valley in Oregon. 45th Parallel Maps & Infographics, Stillwater. Nowadays is easy enough to find your position anywhere on the globe using a smart phone or GPS, but harder to remember that these numbers are based on complex mathematical models (using different models or datum in different hemispheres) and not precisely the same as your actual physical location on Earth. The 45 Parallel Track is located near Cromwell in Otago. You can find them by using the grouping function in the lower left corner of the map. The only parts of Russia lying south are Vladivostok and the northern Caucasus. Is this surprising? Heather Holbus shares this photo of the rustic wooden marker, which is located at a . East of Bordeaux, in the municipality of Saint Seurin sur l'Isle, it intersects the Prime Meridian in the corner of an unremarkable field by the side of the A89 highway. By submitting your email to receive this newsletter, you agree to our. Answer (1 of 3): Latitude 45 South goes through the New Zealand province of Otago, passing close to the towns of Oamaru and Queenstown. There are five main parallels that are useful to explain the correlation between the Earth, the Sun, and climate. Wine Spectator's expert Dr. Vinny offers guidance for navigating some vocab terms that can , Wine Spectator's resident wine expert Dr. Vinny weighs in on a dinner etiquette question , Wine Spectator's expert Dr. Vinny explains several theories for why whole cluster fermentat, Wine Spectator's expert Dr. Vinny explains how to interpret drinking windows and aging , Wine Spectator's expert Dr. Vinny says that when to drink a wine is, above all, a personal , Wine Spectator's expert Dr. Vinny explains why some wines have a light carbonation or . At Khanka Lake it enters northeast China, cutting across Heilongjiang and continuing through part of Jilin and eastern Inner Mongolia. The parallel divides the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. The temperatures here are always warm and there are no seasons. If I bring an expensive bottle of wine to dinner, do I have to share it? These are some great tools that i definitely use for SEO work. Research, design, and production of maps, charts, and graphs. Air Date: Friday, September 28, 2018, 6:30am. Other latitudes form important state lines: the four corners is at the 37th parallel and the 109th meridian. Throughout the United States the parallel is marked in many places on highways by a sign proclaiming that the location is halfway between the North Pole and the equator. The line was chosen by U.S. military planners at the Potsdam Conference (July 1945) near the end of World War II as an army boundary, north of which the U.S.S.R. was to accept the surrender of the Japanese forces in Korea and south of which the Americans were to accept the . An infinitely fine mesh wrapping around the entire globe. In the Twin Cities, the 45th . So 200 million live in the northerly Eastern hemisphere, and 35 million live in Canada a ratio of nearly six to one. Deutsch: Positionskarte der Welt. To a very rough approximation, it follows the Pyrenees-Alps mountains. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. These two parallels enclose the area of the Earth known as The Tropics characterized by warm to hot weather and lush vegetation. N 44 59.372 W 079 18.525. Located just north of Chemawa Road, the monument on River Road marks the halfway point between the Equator and the North Pole. The data is a collection of information by . The 45th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 45 south of the Earth's equator . Google Maps. Dream of exotic and exciting places; plan your next vacation; get valuable travel tips, World Cities at 10 Degrees North Latitude. Share: Listen Download. The midday Sun stands 21.6 above the southern horizon at the December solstice, 68.4 at the June solstice, and exactly 45.0 at either equinox.[2]. 2-Portion of the map 'A Plan of Lake-Champlain" by Harper and Collins, 1766, showing the 45th parallel as located by each. These areas both have large Hungarian minorities, formerly part of the Austro-Hungarian empire. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7b9bef44dc94ef38 The position of the Arctic Circle fluctuates by about 49 ft each year due to the Earths axial tilt that is determined by tidal forces resulting from the pull of the moon on the Earths waters. All Circles of Latitude are parallel to the Equator and perpendicular to all Longitudes at the intersection points. Likewise, heading south from Syracuse on I-81, just past Binghamton, it's marked as "Welcome to Pennsylvania.. Updated sign - previous version was Geological Marker which was an incorrect term. Here the 45th parallel passes through Michigan, near the . . It is a milestone for travellers heading north or south on Highway 89, the scenic route connecting seven famous western National Parks. That ring, which is actually several rings, is not much more than a bunch of floating ice and rocks, and that fake-looking image, while technically Saturn, is only what Saturn looks like from roughly a billion miles away through a very powerful optical device. Management of art programs for. A labeled world map with hemispheres reveals four hemispheres; each is shaded in dark grey color. The city of Bordeaux is just south of the parallel. There are lots of other factors climate, weather and soil, among them that determine the success or failure of a wine-growing area. The 45th Parallel runs through the northern tip of New Hampshire. Kingston, Ont., In an intemperate world, here is the most temperate place in the temperate zone. Latitudes are parallel while Longitudes are convergent. At the end of a crushed gravel pathway off a rural road in Marathon County sits a bronze marker flanked by corn fields and otherwise surrounded by woods. Off Highway 101, the Pacific Coast Scenic Byway, just north of Lincoln City is a modest green 45th parallel sign hidden among blackberry bushes close enough to the town's 7 miles of sandy coastline that you can smell the saltwater. Answer (1 of 7): Wyoming's northen border is at the 45th parallel. The true halfway point is 16.2km (10.1mi) south of this parallel because Earth is not a perfect sphere, but bulges at the equator and is flattened at the poles.[1]. middle layer of the Earth, made of mostly solid rock. Geocentric latitude measures the angle from the plane of the equator at the center of the earth to a point on the surface, which is what many people assume is marked by the 45th Parallel. The Prime Meridian is labeled as red . What's the best source of info for when to drink a wine? (Bill Hogan / Chicago Tribune). It can give you perspective and help you see something in a new, more manageable way. This event is called the Equinox. The 45th parallel is the half way point between the equator and the north pole. All rights reserved. As such, these five main parallels also mark the five geographical zones. The 45th parallel passes north of Barrie, Ontario, which means the Toronto Metro area and Western Ontario are to the south. The Temperate Zone extends both north and south from 23 1/2 degrees to 66 1/2 degrees this is where most of the world's population lives. One dark night, away from the city, many years ago, I looked through a powerful telescope and saw Saturn as I had never seen it before, or since. Antarctic Circle: Is the boundary of the South Frigid Zone to the south. best way to make a man fall in love with you, I found that site very usefull and this survey is very cirious, I ' ve never seen a blog that demand a survey for this actions, very curious The 45th Parallel is a circle of latitude that runs around the earth. The world's wine growing areas make sense to me because I can sit in my living room and see the Earth's lines of latitude on my light-up globe. Most wine grapes around the world are grown in bands between the 30th and 50th parallels in both the Southern and Northern hemispheres. Select your preferred way to display the comments and click "Save settings" to activate your changes. Be aware when you turn on Meridian Rd, you are only going a 1/4 mile or so to the small parking area. Nope. Offer available only in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico). World Map with Hemispheres and Continents. Indeed the original Prime Meridian itself no longer passes through the Greenwich Observatory which once defined all other longitudes, due to these space-based calculations. English: Location map of the world. Another reference for the Tropic of Cancer is the Northern Tropic. current of volcanic ash, lava, and gas that flows from a volcano. But the rule of thumb doesn't apply when something truly bizarre affects the climate. Many jews were rounded up and killed. The sun is perpendicular to the Equator twice a year in March and September. That means that subarctic Eurasia has nearly 20 times the population, but probably only 3 times the land area. These are: Arctic Circle: Is the boundary of the North Frigid Zone to the north. I wondered what else lay along the 45th parallel. I wish I'd stopped and taken a picture of myself straddling the parallel. 45th Parallel Marker (Google Maps). Other unique places around the world include Mongolia, Canada, Bosnia, Croatia, and even the center of Ruma, which is in Serbia. Daniel Jelski is Dean of Science & Engineering State University of New York at New Paltz. Latitude can be defined in several ways. noun. Other unique places around the world on the 45th parallel include Mongolia, Canada, Bosnia, Croatia, and even the center of Ruma, which is in Serbia. Latitude: -45 00' 0.00" S. Longitude: 0 00' 0.00" E. Read about 45th parallel south in the Wikipedia Satellite map of 45th parallel south in Google Maps. In this case, 'zero' marks the spot where the iconic Old Spanish Trail ends. Download scientific diagram | Map of the United States demonstrating the 33rd parallel (red line), which was used to separate the states into warm (south of the 33rd parallel) and cold (north of . While it isnt much to look at, Wisconsins 45x90 is only one of two of these spots found on land the others are in the Pacific and Indian oceans and of the two found on land, it is the only one that is marked as such. This map only shows volcanoes that have been active in the last 10,000 years or during the Holocene. A degree of longitude is widest at the equator with a distance of 69.172 miles (111.321 kilometers). This vacation home has an ATM and free WiFi. Colorado's northern boundary follows the 41st parallel. The labeled Equator, a horizontal imaginary line at 0 degrees latitude, at the center of the earth, divides the world map into Southern and Northern Hemispheres. If you're looking for the center of the world, well. http://www.rebelmouse.com/girlfriendsystemreview/, I'm glad I found this web site, I couldn't find any knowledge on this matter prior to.Also operate a site and if you are ever interested in doing some visitor writing for me if possible feel free to let me know, im always look for people to check out my web site. It is an idealized midpoint between extremes of cold and heat, the sweet spot between the Apollonian rationality of the frigid north and the Dionysian turbulence of the torrid zone of the south. I'm not expecting to hear about great wines from Yellowstone National Park any time soon. The distance gradually shrinks to zero as they meet at the poles. Baseball, softball and girls soccer scores for Aurora, Elgin, Naperville and Lake County, Baseball, softball and girls soccer scores for the Southland, Governors State University union ends strike after reaching tentative agreement with administration, Do Not Sell/Share My Personal Information. Like theArctic, the position of the Antarctic Circles is not fixed, as their exact location depends on the Earth's axial tilt, which fluctuates within a margin of 2 over a 40,000 year period, mainly due to tidal forces resulting from the orbit of the Moon. In Russia it runs from the west coast of the Caspian Sea to the east coast of the Black Sea, through the Republic of Kalmykia, Stavropol Krai and its capital Stavropol, and Krasnodar Krai and its capital Krasnodar. While Longitudes are the measurements east or west of the Prime Meridian and run from the north pole to the south pole. in Great Lines of Earth. But when I'm faced with an actual ridge or an invisible line, I'm distracted by what is actually before me. The one that runs through NH is the 45th Parallel north because it These early surveys introduced errors which . There are 4 Industrial spaces available for lease at 2195 Hyacinth St NE, Salem, OR, 97301, totaling 2,692 SF. See also Latitude and Longitude of World Cities. Address: Hayes-Tower Rd, Gaylord, MI. . Line i (south of Isle A la Motte) is drawn 'agreeable to the first Solar underground reservoir that holds molten rock. Standing at the Northern Hemisphere's 45th parallel would not do much to enlighten me about where on Earth I am halfway between the equator and the North Pole but pointing to the 45th parallel on a map would in some strange way bring the larger world into focus in my mind. In eastern Wisconsin, a series of monuments commemorate the divergent locations of the 45th Parallel as well as the Halfway line. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. All Circles of Latitude are parallel to the Equator and perpendicular to all Longitudes at the intersection points. So counting six million from Washington, 2 million each from Oregon and Minnesota, and about 3 million from everywhere else, approximately 13 million Americans live north of the 45th parallel or 4% of our population. In Poniatowski, Wisconsin something kind of magical happens. The flattened shape means that the geocentric latitude and geodetic latitude angles deviate increasingly between the equator and the poles. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. Here and there in small towns and along country highways the 45 traveller will find simple road signs and elaborate stone monuments alerting all passersby to think about how these particular places are connected to the rest of the globe, and by extension to our place in the entire cosmos. The downhill part can be quite slippery as there are a lot of loose rocks/stones - proper footwear is recommended. The other 45x90 found on land, in rural China, is difficult to get to and it does not currently have a marker noting its significance. Starting from the Main, or the zero meridian, 45th parallel crosses the France, Italy, Adriatic sea, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Romania and further to the east, around . That marker, about 21 miles west of Wausau, pinpoints the only easily accessible location in the world . Further east it passes through the Balkans: Romania (just north of Ploieti, and through Trgu Jiu), the Serbian autonomous province of Vojvodina, the eastern tip of Croatia, the northern edge of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and a section of Adriatic Croatia. "Iron Age" creatures fill this huckster's rusted metal sculpture garden. Not only does signing the book make you an instant member of the 45x90 club, you are given a commemorative coin as proof of your visit. Gesicki then named Poniatowski "The Center of the Northwestern World" and established the "45 x 90 Club . Montreal, Canada This cosmopolitan city has extremely harsh winters and is frequented by thousands of skiers during this time. This interactive map shows the locations of Volcanoes around the world, their classification, and names. In northern Italy it parallels the river Po, near Rovigo, passing by the southern province of Mantova, Piacenza in Emilia-Romagna, Voghera, then just south of Turin before passing into France in the Cottian Alps. Discover The Oldest 45th Parallel Marker in the U.S. in Perry, Maine: A roadside park in eastern Maine first marked the halfway point between the equator and North Pole with a brass pin in 1896. Tropic of Capricorn: Encloses the South Temperate Zone with the Antarctic Circle. But anyone can put together a 45th Parallel travel adventure. Lo and behold, Venice is also on the 45th parallel. These features largely reflect the movements of Earth's major tectonic plates and many smaller plates or fragments of plates (including microplates). The sign is on I-91 southbound about 0.8 miles south of the Canadian border near Derby Line, Vermont. Not many people have seen this point on the earth and some of the ones who have, have just driven over the latitudinal line without even noticing it. During the winter, the region experiences 24 hours of darkness in a day and 24 hours of sunlight in a day during the summers. Find out more. The parallel is sometimes called the "Canada line" or the CollinsValentine line. The temperatures here are always warm and there are no seasons. There are a few of these markers around the world and eight of . Most of the great civilizations of the world have flourished between the 30th and 60th parallel lines north -- with the 45th Parallel in the . This path leads you to the point where 45N and 90W meet. What do these disparate regions of the earth have in common? Mirror Mirrow on the Wall, Whos at Fault for Californias High Energy Costs? I'll guess that about 25 million of Canada's 34 million people live north .

When Are Filibusters Not Permitted, Mcleansboro, Il Obituaries, Logitech Z313 Equalizer Settings, Orbit Oscillating Sprinkler Manual, Fresa Urban Dictionary, Articles OTHER