waste management in saudi arabia pdf

In addition, specific and alternative guidance plans for the potential critical points of the infection were suggested to protect public health during the pandemic. Available online: Optimizing the suitable site(S) for landfill by multi-criteria decision and investigating biogasification potential of the waste in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. For households, medical waste should be safely handled; gloves and face masks should be sprayed with alcohol, cut into small pieces, collected into 2/3 volume, double-bagged, and the bags should be closed well, in order to be not become mixed with MSW. A case study from Cyprus, Sustainability. Temperature, precipitation and relative humidity fluctuation of Makkah Al Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1985-2016). This leads to pickers collecting such infectious substrates and mixing them with MSW. The site is secure. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the major priorities for MSW management were (1) ensuring the proper management of SW facilities (i.e., treatment and disposal facilities); (2) strict adjustments to recycling facilities, in order to prevent the potential of infections and cross-contamination; and (3) confirming that the medical waste from quarantine hospitals and centers is treated and managed in a safe manner (ISWA 2020), where it is managed as medical wastes. The lockdown of the residents of Makkah during the COVID-19 pandemic has had a direct impact on their lifestyles, in terms of suspension of Umrah, schools, workplaces in all government agencies, sports activities, and gyms. FOIA 28 42 (2021) stated that SARS-CoV-2 can be easily and rapidly transmitted and spread out through municipal solid waste. 0000006405 00000 n Improvement of coastal environment was detected during COVID-19 lockdown according to the applied KPIs such as waste accumulation index (WAI) and waste accumulation rate (WAR) (Loizia et al. Klemes JJ, Fan YV, Tan RR, Jiang P. Minimising the present and future plastic waste, energy and environmental footprints related to COVID-19. This study also contributes by providing an optimal and specific guideline for handling, collecting, transporting, and disposing of MSW. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted

Zorpas AA, Lasaridi K, Voukkali I, Loizia P, Chroni C. Household waste compositional analysis variation from insular communities in the framework of waste prevention strategy plans. Before Globally, according to the ISWA (2020) and OSHA (2020), the suspension of hundreds of waste recycling companies was recommended during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, establishment of appropriate guidelines for dealing with the PPE problems related to environment and public health is necessary (Wang et al. Available online: Mol MPG, Caldas S. Can the human coronavirus epidemic also spread through solid waste? ?19:ko3L&no&0?|{ 6LOv160@Sp}/{Ln{h?1Z|0~ha#e>{7q.=]x=o|Cpf]@kS}ro I=ty=a fz86wYof(=uI\yr\EG tMA;XT7:|HCw(``'^u8rjs rr0_}P1aF Loizia P, Voukkali I, Zorpas AA. ISWA (International Solid Waste Association) (2020) COVID-19 response international knowledge sharing on waste management. 2020; Luca et al. 14m Survival characteristics of airborne human coronavirus 229E. 0000028921 00000 n Uh vt3LVvB ?^z\@ mo_O>4SJ*4 @;:{}W6bZ hG[n.jix `g\3i"-tV _'>^fJiq9. 0000010079 00000 n Ball S, Taleb MA. During the COVID-19 lockdown, a field characterization study was conducted using a total of eight samples, with a weight ranging between 22 and 47 Kg, for a group of households distributed in the central districts in Makkah, in order to assess the rates of main MSW components; this indicated the average rates of classification as follows: organic matters, 57%; plastics, 31%; paper and cardboard, 9%; metals, 1%; glass, 1%; and wood, 1% (see Figure Figure22). 611 0 obj <> endobj Khoo et al. The concept of reuse is practically impossible to apply during the pandemic, in terms of minimizing the potential of infection in indoor and outdoor environments.

Zorpas AA. Yousefi M, Oskoei V, Jafari AJ, Farzadkia M, Firooz MH, Abdollahinejad B, Torkashvand J. Loizia P, Voukkali I, Zorpas AA, Pedreo JN, Chatziparaskeva G, Inglezakis VJ, Vardopoulos I, Doula M. Measuring Environmental Performance in the Framework of Waste Strategy Development. Harbourt D, Haddow A, Piper A, Bloomfield H, Kearney B, Gibson K, Minogue T. Modeling the stability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on skin, currency, and clothing. Liu Y, Li T, Deng Y, Liu S, Zhang D, Li H, Wang X, Jia L, Han J, Bei Z, Zhou Y, Li L, Li J.

The generated MSW from quarantine sites (households and hotels), except for that which is medical waste-related (e.g., safety face masks, gloves, and other disposable items), should be treated as normal MSW after the necessary measures are taken (e.g., double-bagging, tying properly, and 2/3 capacity); the specific bulky MSW and that generated from gardens should be collected based on demand, in order to minimize the movements of compactor vehicles on the streets and, consequently, to minimize the potential of infection by COVID-19. 0000000016 00000 n 2020). Handling the disinfectants and cleaning solutions as contaminated MSW. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on hierarchy of MSW management. The pre-pandemic procedure of handling, collecting, transporting, and disposing MSW in Makkah can be formalized through (1) the pickers and collectors of MSW; (2) collection of the MSW on the streets by 120-liter bins; (3) evacuation all the plastic bins into metallic containers of 240-liter volume; (4) transportation of the collected MSW from the narrow streets by a specific vehicle to the MSW transfer stations; (5) gathering all the collected MSW at the transfer stations and refilling MSW compactor vehicles, in addition to the compactor vehicles from the central zone and public streets of Makkah; (6) transporting all MSW to the landfill in southwest Makkah (Kaakia landfill); and (7) finally, disposal of the MSW in the landfill (Figure (Figure33). Periodical cleaning and disinfection of the compactor vehicles should be applied continually in Makkah, to minimize the suitable media for growth and multiplication of all pathogens through the uncleaned MSW compactors. 2021; Yousefi et al. After imposing of curfew and lockdown, the number of daily SARS-CoV-2 confirmed cases reduced gradually. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The .gov means its official. On 21 March 2020, KSA announced the suspension of all domestic and international travel. Of the participants, 70.1% claimed that they had not been educated on how e-waste poses a serious environmental problem, and 88.35% were willing to take part in managing waste after developing a proper understanding.

Emerging challenges in urban waste management in Tehran, Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021). Some PPE waste is discarded into the environment rather than going to incinerators and landfills. 2020). Finally, the practices of MSW management during the COVID-19 pandemic in Makkah were suggested. 5 0 obj From the all above reviews, the problem can be formalized by the mixing of medical waste that may be generated from COVID-19-infected citizens with non-infected MSW; the risk is associated with the handling, collection, transportation, and disposal of these mixed MSW as a pure MSW, which may lead to the spread of COVID-19 infection. Back to normal life in all regions and cities of the KSA as before the curfew period, except for Makkah, with full compliance with preventive health instructions and social distancing, Gradually moving back to the normal management system of MSW. 2020), in addition to, the potential risk of the SARS-CoV-2 infection which may result from the contaminated waste surfaces (Nghiem et al. The generated MSW from restaurants and cafes will be decreased. The generated MSW from quarantine sites (homes, hotels), except that which is medical waste-related (e.g., safety face masks, gloves, and other disposable items), should be treated as normal MSW after the necessary measures are taken (e.g., double-bagging, tying properly, and 2/3 of capacity). Cro~Nm ;=ba ZgQ'5[9)oT)&50H fh M,3k.yDzo,`;p/%g~NT[G-c A 2020). government site. 2015; Kampf et al. Smart Waste Report European Union (2020) COVID-19 and municipal waste management 2020. Respondents in the study processed e-waste as if it were another sort of urban solid trash. Such PPE may carry the causative virus and act as a source of infection. 0000001495 00000 n (2021) stated that plastic waste should be properly managed during the COVID-19 pandemic to avoid its adverse effects on the environment, animals, and human health. hbbd``b`Y$ P "j@`LU DI A u@@b-#! A\ 8)nncUz. 2020). Improper management of plastic waste during the COVID-19 crises may lead to negative impacts on the environment, animals, and human health (Khoo et al. escorte publi24 fete underwear freedomfighters organizationexposing oath said means femei seesaawiki enforcement vremea federal Bin for collecting used PPE from commercial food centers in Makkah. Reducing the presence of beneficiaries in government departments. In the case of the infected COVID-19 cases, additional health precautionary measures have been implemented, in terms of sorting PPE (e.g., face masks, gloves, and disinfectant) and yellow double-bagging, which is a must, according to Saudi Health Protocol (Figure (Figure55). Periodic cleaning of the streets and plastic and metallic containers, as well as wearing full PPE and abiding by other safety and health measures as precautionary means in the work environment for MSW pickers and handlers; adapting and modulating the frequency of collection of MSW according to specific needs, and raising the skills of workers, in terms of health precautions related to MSW management systems; providing disinfectants to the pickers and handlers of MSW throughout the operational time; developing an operational system and saving time gaps for MSW workers, in order to avoid direct contact between workers; and the suspension of MSW transfer stations of MSW, in order to minimize the potential of infection by COVID-19, Sorting, segregation, and storage of COVID-19 waste (PPE waste, disinfectant, and cleaning solutions), which must be separated from general quarantine sites; periodical medical investigations of the MSW pickers, drivers, and workers at disposal sites, in order to minimize the potential of infection by COVID-19. An official website of the United States government. Curfew is imposed throughout all cities of Makkah and Madinah for a period of 24 h a day, until further notice. %%EOF Thus, the contaminated fomites represent a potential risk for virus transmission (Biryukov et al. Media Reports, 2020.

EPA530-d-02-002, August 2002. Suspension of specific vehicles and operating compactor vehicles only during the pandemic may lower the potential of spread of infection by COVID-19 through the surveyed streets; it is also advised to increase the thickness of sediments used as a daily cover for the compacted MSW at the disposal sites (landfill). The spread of COVID-19 infection increased and, as a result, severe concerns were concluded in several scientific references (Warnes et al. %PDF-1.6 % Implemented actions of Saudi authorities during the COVID-19 pandemic and their impacts on MSW, Suspending attendance at workplaces in government agencies. Abd El-Rahim, Email: as.ude.uqu@miharledbahi. <> This was due to a lack of recycling options and poor understanding about the benefits and potentials of recycling e-waste, among other issues. hb```b``a`c` @1E#,~B5tRbGN%O*0 N!Z\,:bsn9$# These control measures impacted the MSW generation, characterization, and management, with a significant increase in medical wastes. The reduce concept cannot be applied during the pandemic due to the increase in organic waste as a direct result of people working and studying at their homes. Implementation of control measures in Makkah has led to a change of lifestyle, which resulted in a physical change of the MSW constitution in Makkah, with the following average rates: organic matter, 57%; plastics, 31%; paper and cardboard, 9%; metals, 1%; glass, 1%; and wood, 1%. Changing lifestyle will change the status of the generated MSW. 0000061677 00000 n (2020) summarized the management practices of plastic waste due to the effect of the COVID-19, investigated the options for plastic waste management, and proposed specific guidelines for MSW handling, i.e., changing the consumers habits during the COVID-19 crisis will modify the priorities of MSW management. Due to the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on the different kinds of surfaces for several hours to few days, the solid wastes may act as a source of infection, especially in indoor environments. There is a high potential risk of the COVID-19 spreading through the contaminated SW surfaces (Nghiem et al. Strategy development in the framework of waste management aims to increase quality of life and should reduce the impact of several processes on the surrounding environment (Zorpas 2020). 1Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, 2Department of Environmental and Health Research, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Impact of the lockdown and curfew on the generation of MSW in Makkah was discussed with special reference to the handling of COVID-19 protective tools. 2020). Survival of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions. Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. For decreasing the environmental impacts of waste management, the prevention plan and the treatment methods should be based on the waste features produced in a specific area (Zorpas et al. The 0000065113 00000 n 0000001667 00000 n 0000004870 00000 n Available online: MoH (Saudi Ministry of Health) (2020) Periodic reports and guidelines for facing COVID-19 pandemic. This culminated in the enactment of the national environment strategy, formalized by the national plan to confront natural disasters, and the establishment of the Saudi Health Council, in order to ensure better health and to reduce the rates of diseases, disability, pandemics, and death, in addition to coordination and integration between health authorities and others to ensure a distinguished public health level. hbbd```b``n X$D2= ;lC &vzM0 XeLEjJl$ rj3)Hh S Z< 2020). 2021). Strategy development in the framework of waste management. 0000003849 00000 n

SARS-CoV-2 can persist on plastic and metal surfaces for 72 h at 2123C and 40% RH (van Doremalen et al. 1587 0 obj <> endobj 1608 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<404390FB27F64797822D7891E47DFEFF><8453352AE7A2433EA4C4CC8DB47F65F9>]/Index[1587 35]/Info 1586 0 R/Length 97/Prev 1104144/Root 1588 0 R/Size 1622/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 0000097437 00000 n

Biryukov J, Boydston JA, Dunning RA, Yeager JJ, Wood S, Reese AL, Ferris A, Miller D, Weaver W, Zeitouni NE, Phillips A, Freeburger D, Hooper I, Ratnesar-Shumate S, Yolitz J, Krause M, Williams G, Dawson DG, Herzog A, Dabisch P, Wahl V, Hevey MC, Altamura LA.

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